528. Pastor roseus (Linn.).
Rose-colored Starling
Pastor roseus (Linn.), Jerdon. B. Ind. ii, p. 333; Hume, cat. no. 690.
The Rose-colored Starling has not yet been discovered breeding in India, but Mr. Doig has written the following note on the subject, which is one of great interest. He
writes from the Eastern Narra, in Sind:
"Though I have not as yet discovered the breeding-place of this bird, I think
it as well to put on record what little I have noticed, in the hope that it
may be of assistance in eventually finding out where it goes to breed. I
began watching the birds in the middle of April, and every week shot one or
two and dissected them, but did not perceive any decisive signs of their
breeding until the 10th May, when I shot two males, both of which showed
signs of being about to breed at an early date. Again, on the 15th May, out
of seven that I shot in a flock, six were males with the generative organs
fully developed; the seventh was a young female in immature plumage, the
ovaries being quite undeveloped. The birds were feeding in the bed of a
dried-up swamp, along with flocks of Sturnus minor, and were
constantly flying in flocks, backwards and forwards, in one direction.
Unfortunately, important work called me to another part of the district, and
when I returned in a fortnight's time I could not see one. Where can they
have gone? And they remain away such a short time! I have seen the old birds
return as early as the 7th July, accompanied by young birds barely fledged,
and I should not be at all surprised if these birds are found to breed in
some of the Native States on the east of Sind. That they could find time to
migrate to the Caspian Sea and Central Asia to breed, and return again by the
middle of July, I cannot believe, especially after having found them so
thoroughly in breeding-time, while still in the east of Sind. Another
suspicious circumstance is the absence of females in the flocks I met with.
Perhaps some of my readers may have an opportunity of finding out whether
Pastor roseus occurs in the districts lying to the east of Sind in the
month of June, as there is no doubt that the breeding-time lies between the
20th May and the commencement of July."
529. Sturnus humii, Brooks. Himalayan Starling
Sturnus unicolor, (Marm.), apud Jerdon B. Ind. ii, p. 322.
Sturnus nitens, (Hume); Hume, Rough Draft N. & E. no. 682.
The Himalayan Starling breeds in Candahar, Kashmir, and the extreme
north-west of the Punjab. It is the bird which Dr. Jerdon includes in his
work as S. unicolor (a very different bird, which does not occur
within our limits), and which Mr. Theobald referred to as breeding in Kashmir
as Sturnus vulgaris, which bird does not, as far as I can learn, occur
in the Valley of Kashmir, though it may in Yarkand.
This Starling lays towards the end of April at Peshawar, where I found it
nesting in holes in willow-trees in the cantonment compounds. In Candahar it
lays somewhat earlier, and in the Valley of Kashmir somewhat later, viz. in
the month of May. It builds in holes of trees, in river-banks, and in old
buildings and bridges, constructing a loose nest of grass and grass-roots,
with sometimes a few thin sticks; it is perhaps more of a lining to the hole
than a true nest. It lays five or six eggs.
Mr. Brooks says: "It is like S. unicolor, but smaller, with shorter
wing and more beautiful reflections. It is excessively abundant in Kashmir,
at moderate elevations, and in the Valley, and breeds in holes of trees and
in river-banks. The eggs are like those of S. vulgaris, but rather
smaller. The latter bird* occurs plentifully in the plains of India in the
cold weather, and is as profusely spotted as English specimens. The bills
vary in length, and are not longer, as a rule, than those of British birds. I
did not meet with S. vulgaris in Kashmir. It appears to migrate more
to the west, for it is said to be common in Afghanistan. S. nitens
also occurs in the plains in the cold season. I have Etawah specimens. They
are at that time slightly spotted, but can always be very easily
distinguished from S. vulgaris."
*[Mr. Brooks here refers to S. menzbieri - ED.]
Mr. W. Theobald makes the following remark on its nidification in the Valley
of Kashmir: "Lays in the second and third weeks of May; eggs ovato-pyriform;
size 1·15 by 0·85; colour, pale clear bluish green; valley generally, in
holes of bridges, tall trees, etc., in company with Corvus monedula."
Captain Hutton records that "S. vulgaris remains only during the
coldest months, and departs as spring approaches: whereas the present species
builds in the spring at Candahar, laying seven or eight blue eggs, and the
young are fledged about the first week in May."
The eggs of this species are generally somewhat elongated ovals, a good deal
compressed towards one end, and not uncommonly more or less pyriform. They
are glossy, but in a good light have the surface a good deal pitted. They are
entirely devoid of markings, and seem to have the ground one uniform very
pale sea-greenish blue. They appear to vary very little in colour, and to
average generally a good deal smaller than those of the Common Starling.
They vary in length from 1·02 to 1·19, and in breadth from 0·78 to 0·87; but
the average of twenty eggs is 1·13 by 0·83.*
*[STURNUS PORPHYRONOTUS, (Sharpe). Central-Asian Starling
This species breeds in Kashgharia, and visits India in winter. Dr. Scully
writes: "This Starling breeds in May and June, making its nest in the holes
of trees and walls, and in gourds and pots placed near houses by the
Yarkandis for the purpose. It seems to make only a simple lining for its
hole, composed of grass and fibres. The eggs vary in shape from a broadish
oval to an elongated oval compressed at one end; they are glossy and, in a
strong light, the surface looks pitted. The eggs are quite spotless, but the
colour seems also to vary a good deal--from a deep greenish blue to a very
pale light sea-blue. In size they vary from 1·1 to 1·22 in length, and from
0·80 to 0·86 in breadth; but the average of nine eggs is 1·19 by 0·83."]
531. Sturnus minor, Hume. Small Indian Starling
Sturnus minor, (Hume); Hume, cat. no. 681 bis.
Mr. Scrope Doig furnishes us with the following interesting note on the breeding of S. minor in Sindh:
"Last year I mentioned to my friend, Captain Butler, that I had noticed
Starlings going in and out of holes in trees along the 'Narra' in the month
of March, and that I thought they must be breeding there; he said that I must
be mistaken, as S. vulgaris never bred so far south. As it happens we
were both correct - he in saying S. vulgaris did not breed here, and I
in saying that Starlings did. My Starling turns out to be the species
originally described from Sindh as Sturnus minor by Mr. Hume; and as I
have now sent Mr. Hume a series of skins and eggs, I trust he will give us a
note on the subject of our Indian Starlings. In February I shot one of these
birds, and on dissection found that they were beginning to breed; later on,
early in March, I again dissected one and found that there was no doubt on
the subject, and so began to look for their nests; these I found in holes in
kundy trees growing along the banks of the Narra, and also situated in the
middle of swamps. The eggs were laid on a pad of feathers of Platalea
leucorodia and Tantalus leucocephalus, which were breeding on the
same trees, the young birds being nearly fledged; the greatest number of eggs
in any one nest was five. The first date on which I took eggs was the 13th March, and the last was on the 15th May.
"The eggs are oval, broad at one end and elongated at the other; the texture
is rather waxy, with a fine gloss, and they are of a pale delicate sea-green
colour. The birds during the breeding-time confine themselves closely to
their breeding-ground, so much so, that except when close to their haunts
none are ever seen. The size of the eggs varies from 1·00 to 1·10 in length,
and from ·70 to ·80 in breadth. The average of twelve eggs is 1·03 in length and ·79 in breadth."
He subsequently wrote: "I first noticed this bird breeding on the 11th March;
on the 10th, while marching, I saw some on the side of the road and shot one,
and on opening it found it was breeding. Accordingly on the 11th, on
searching, I found their breeding-ground, which was in the middle of a Dhund
thickly studded over with kundy trees, in the holes of which they had their
nests. The nest lay at the bottom of the hole, which was generally some 18
inches deep, and consists of a few bits of coarse sedge-grass and feathers of
T. leucocephalus and P. leucorodia (which were breeding close
by). Five was the maximum number of eggs, but four was the normal number in each nest.
"I afterwards found these birds breeding in great numbers all along the Eastern Narra wherever there were suitable trees (kundy trees). At the place
I first found them in, the young ones are now many of them fledged and flying about, while in other places they are just beginning to lay.
"The total length of their breeding-ground in any district must be close on
200 miles, but entirely confined to the banks of the river. If you looked
four miles from, the river, one side or the other, you would not see one. Can
Pastor roseus breed in India in some similar secluded spot? I have
been rather unlucky in getting their eggs, as at each place which I visited
personally the birds had either young ones or were just going to lay."
The eggs of this species are moderately broad ovals, sometimes slightly
elongated, always more or less appreciably pointed towards the small end. The
shell is extremely smooth and has a fine gloss. The colour, which is
extremely uniform in all the specimens, is an excessively delicate pale blue
with a faint greenish tinge, a very beautiful colour. They vary from 1 to 1·18 in length, and from 0·71 to 0·82 in breadth.
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