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62. Dryonastes ruficollis
(J. & S.) Rufous-necked Laughing-Thrush
Garrulax ruticollis (J. & S.), Jerdon B. Ind. ii, p. 38; Hume, Rough Draft N.& E. no. 410.
Of the Rufous-necked Laughing-Thrush, Mr. Blyth remarks: "Mr. Hodgson figures the egg of a fine green colour."
The egg is not figured in my collection of Mr. Hodgson's drawings.
Writing from near Darjeeling, in Sikkim, Mr. Gammie says: "I have seen two
nests of this bird; both were in bramble-bushes about five feet from the
ground, and exactly resembled those of Dryonastes caerulatus, only
they were a little smaller. One nest had three young ones, the other three
very pale blue unspotted eggs, which I left in the nest intending to get them
in another day or two, as I wanted to see if more eggs would be laid, but
when I went back to the place the nest had been taken away by some one. Both
nests were found here in May, one at 3500 feet, the other at 4500 feet.
"I have taken numerous nests of this species from April to June, from the
warmest elevations up to about 4000 feet. They are cup-shaped; composed of
dry leaves and small climber-stems, and lined with a few fibrous roots. They
measure externally about 5 inches in width by 3·5 in depth; internally 3·25
across by 2·25 deep. Usually they are found in scrubby jungle, fixed in
bushes, within five or six feet of the ground. The eggs are three or four in
number."
Many nests of this species sent me from Sikkim by my friends Messrs. Mandelli
and Gammie are all precisely of the same type - deep and rather compact cups,
varying from 5 to 6 inches in external diameter, and 3·25 to 3·75 in height;
the cavities about 3·25 in diameter and 2·25 in depth. The nest is composed
almost entirely of dry bamboo-leaves bound together loosely with stems of
creepers or roots, and the cavity is lined with black and brown rootlets,
generally not very fine. They seem never to be placed at any very great
elevation from the ground.
The eggs of this species, of which I have received a very large number from
Mr. Gammie, are distinguishable at once from those of all the other species
of this group with which I am acquainted. Just as the egg of Garrulax
albigularis is distinguished by its very deep tone of coloration, the egg
of the present species is distinguished by its extreme paleness. In shape the
eggs are moderately broad ovals, often, however, somewhat pyriform, often a
good deal pointed towards the small end. The shell is extremely fine and
smooth, and has a very fine gloss; they may be said to be almost white with a
delicate bluish-green tinge. In length they vary from 0·95 to 1·1, in breadth
from 0·6 to 0·83; but the average of forty-one eggs is 1·02 by 0·75.
65. Dryonastes caerulatus (Hodgs.). Grey-sided Laughing-Thrush
Garrulax caerulatus (Hodgson), Jerdon B. Ind. ii, p. 36; Hume, Rough
Draft N. & E. no. 408.
A nest of the Grey-sided Laughing-Thrush found by Mr. Gammie on the 17th June
near Darjeeling, below Rishap, at an elevation of about 3500 feet, was placed
in a shrub, at a height of about six feet from the ground, and contained one
fresh egg. It was a large, deep, compact cup, measuring about 5·5 inches in
external diameter and about 4 in height, the egg-cavity being 4 inches in
diameter and 2¾ inches in depth. Externally it was entirely composed of very
broad flag-like grass-leaves firmly twisted together, and internally of
coarse black grass and moss-roots very neatly and compactly put together. The
nest had no other lining.
This year (1874) Mr. Gammie writes: "This species breeds in Sikkim in May and
Jane. I have found the nests in our Chinchona reserves, at various elevations
from 3500 to 5000 feet, always in forests with a more or less dense
undergrowth. The nest is placed in trees, at heights of from 6 to 12 feet
from the ground, between and firmly attached to several slender upright
shoots. It is cup-shaped, usually rather shallow, composed of dry
bamboo-leaves and twigs and lined with root-fibres. One I measured was 5
inches in diameter by 2·5 in height exteriorly; the cavity was 4 inches
across and only 1·3 deep. Of course they vary slightly. As far as my
experience goes, they do not lay more than three eggs; indeed, at times only
two."
Dr. Jerdon remarks that "a nest and eggs, said to be of this bird, were
brought to me at Darjeeling; the nest loosely made with roots and grass, and
containing two pale blue eggs."
One nest of this species taken in Native Sikkim in July, was placed in the
fork of four leafy twigs, and was in shape a slightly truncated inverted
cone, nearly 7 inches in height and 5·5 in diameter at the base of the cone,
which was uppermost. The leaves attached to the twigs almost completely
enveloped it. The nest itself was composed almost entirely of stems of
creepers, several of which were wound round the living leaves of the twigs so
as to hold them in position on the outside of the nest; a few bamboo-leaves
were intermingled with the creeper's stems in the body of the nest. The
cavity, which is almost perfectly hemispherical, only rather deeper, is 3·5
inches in diameter and 2·25 in depth, and is entirely and very neatly lined
with very fine black roots. Another nest, which was taken at Rishap on the
21st May, with two fresh eggs, was placed in some small bamboos at a height
of about 10 feet from the ground, it is composed externally entirely of dry
bamboo-leaves, loosely tied together by a few creepers and a little vegetable
fibre, and it is lined pretty thickly with fine black fibrous roots. This
nest is about 6 inches in diameter and 3·5 high exteriorly, while the cavity
measures 3·5 by 2.
The eggs sent me by Mr. Gammie are a beautiful clear, rather pale, greenish
blue, without any spots or markings. They have a slight gloss. In shape they
are typically much elongated and somewhat pyriform ovals, very obtuse at both
ends; but moderately broad examples are met with. In length they vary from
1·05 to 1·33, and in breadth from 0·76 to 0·86; but the average of
thirty-five eggs is 1·18 nearly by 0·82 nearly.
69. Garrulax leucolophus (Hardw.). Himalayan
White-crested Laughing-Thrush
Garrulax leucolophus (Hardw.), Jerdon B, Ind. ii, p. 35; Hume. Rough
Draft N. & E. no. 407.
According to Mr. Hodgson's notes, the Himalayan White-crested Laughing-Thrush
breeds at various elevations in Sikkim and
Nepal, from the Terai to an
elevation of 5000 or 6000 feet, from April to June. It lays from four to six
eggs, which are described and figured as pure white, very broad ovals,
measuring 1·2 by 0·9. It breeds, we are told, in small trees, constructing a
rude cup-shaped nest amongst a clamp of shoots, or between a number of
slender twigs, of dry bamboo-leaves, creepers, scales of the turmeric plant,
etc., and lined with fine roots.
Dr. Jerdon says: "I have had the nest and eggs brought me more than once when
at Darjeeling, the former being a large mass of roots, moss, and grass, with
a few pure white eggs."
One nest taken in July at Darjeeling was placed on the outer branches of a
tree, at about the height of 8 feet from the ground. It was a very broad
shallow saucer, 8 inches in diameter, about an inch in thickness, and with a
depression of about an inch in depth. It was composed of dead bamboo-leaves
bound together with creepers, and lined thinly with coarse roots. It
contained four fresh eggs. Other similar nests contained four or three eggs
each.
From Sikkim, Mr. Gammie writes: "I have found this Laughing-Thrush breeding
in May and June, up to about 3500 feet; I have rarely seen it at higher
elevations, and cannot but think that Mr. Hodgson is mistaken in stating that
it breeds up to 5000 or 6000 feet. The nests are generally placed in shrubs,
within reach of the hand, among low, dense jungle, and are rather loosely
built cup-shaped structures,
composed of twigs and grass, and lined with fibrous roots. Externally they
measure about 6 inches in diameter by 3·5 in depth; internally 4 by 2·25.
"The eggs are usually four or five in number, but on several occasions I have
found as few as two well-set eggs."
Numerous nests of this species have now been sent me, taken in May, June, and
July, at elevations of from 2000 to fully 4000 feet, and in one case it is
said 5000. They are all very similar, large, very shallow cups, from 6 to
nearly 8 inches in external diameter, and from 2·5 to 3·5 in height;
exteriorly all are composed of coarse grass, of bamboo-spathes, with
occasionally a few dead leaves intermingled, loosely wound round with
creepers or pliant twigs, while interiorly they are composed and lined with
black, only moderately fine roots or pliant flower-stems of some
flowering-tree, or both. Sometimes the exterior coating of grass is not very
coarse; at other times bamboo-spathes exclusively are used, and the nest
seems to be completely packed up in these.
The eggs of this species are broad ovals, pure white and glossy. They vary
from 1·05 to 1·13 in length, and from 0·86 to 0·95 in width, but the average
of eighteen eggs is a little over 1·1 by 0·9.
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